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Temperature > 11 - Thermoelectric Theory

When, in a closed circuit, formed by two distinct metal conductors, A and B, they are subjected to a temperature difference between their ends, an electromotive force (emf) arises, the value of which does not exceed the order of magnitude of millivolts (mV), as a result of the redistribution of electrons in the conductors.

When this circuit is broken, the open circuit voltage becomes a function of the junction temperatures and the composition of the two metals.

We call the junction at which the temperature to be measured is subjected the Measuring Junction (or hot junction) and the other end that will be connected to the measuring instrument the Reference Junction (or cold junction).

When the temperature of the reference junction (Tr) is kept constant, it is found that the thermal E.M.F. (EAB) is a function of the temperature of the measuring junction (T1). This allows this circuit to be used as a temperature meter, since knowing the Tr and the generated E.M.F., T1 is determined.

                                                                              EAB = f(ΔT)
                                                                              EAB = ET1 - E
Tr

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